摘要：英语里的谓语动词，会随着时间和状态发生相应的变化，而中文谓语动词不变。Iateatagreatrestaurantyesterday.这里的吃eat，就变成了过...
英语里的谓语动词,2021年英语四级时间(英语四级机构)会随着时间和状态发生相应的变化，而中文谓语动词不变。
I ate at a great restaurant yesterday.这里的吃eat，就变成了过去式，现在是eat，将来是will eat。
时态=时间+状态。tense and aspect。
一般来说时间分为三时，加过去将来时：
1、 现在时。She walks to school. 现在时并不是指现在这个时间点，而是指常态。比如说他每天早上都要跑步，这里的每天早上，虽然是一个个分开的时间点，但我们还认为这是现在时。
2、 过去时。She walked to school.
3、 将来时。She will walk to school.
4、 过去将来时。She would walk to school.
谓语动词的状态分为四种。
1、 一般（simple）强调动作发生的时间，而非状态。如I play basketball.
2、 进行（continuous）强调动作的过程，描绘生动性。如I am playing basketball.
3、 完成（perfect）强调动作的结果，逻辑推导性。如 I have played basketball.
4、 完成进行（perfect continuous）强调动作的结果和过程。如I have been playing basketball.
A、 一般态：1、一般现在时：我学习呢。
2、一般过去时：我以前学习过。
3、一般将来时： 我将来会学习的。
B、进行态：1、现在进行时：现在我正在学习。
2、过去进行时：昨天我正在学习。
3、将来进行时：明天我正在学习。
C、完成态：1、现在完成时：我已经学习了。
2、过去完成时：昨天我已经学习了。
3、将来完成时：明天我已经学习了。
D、完成进行态：1、现在完成进行时：我已经学习一天了，还将继续学习下去。
2、 过去完成进行时：昨天我已经学习一天了，还将继续学习下去。
3、将来完成进行时：明天我已经学习一天了，还将继续学习下去。
一、一般态。强调动作本身。只强调动作发生的时间，不强调动作的状态，就是说只关心这个动作是发生在过去，现在还是将来，不关心这件事有没有做好。
I walk to school. 我走路去学校。只强调动作一般情况，不强调动作的状态怎么样。
I am walking to school. 进行态。强调的就是动作本身，我正在路上。
1、一般现在时分成了三种情况：
（1）表示事物现在的情况或状态。主+系+表。
I am a doctor. You are an unrepeatable miracle.奇迹
（2）表示经常性的习惯性的动作（常有时间副词修饰）。注意：一般现在时常使用表示频率的副词。如：never，often，always。
I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time.
Winners often seek opportunity when loser want security.
Do you always get up so late? It’s one o’clock.
（3）表示客观真理、格言。
Failure is the mother of success.
Time flies.
The early bird catches the worm.
2、一般过去时，表示过去的动作、习惯、事实。是最常用的状态。
Last Sunday I got up very late.
I looked out of the window. It was dark outside.
Last summer, I went to Italy.
Colobus discovered America in 1742.
注意：一般过去时常使用过去具体时间的副词。如：yesterday，last week，two years ago……3、一般将来时一般是两种情况。
（1） 表示将来发生的动作或状态，或倾向。（will 译为将要……）
He will soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth.
People will run into problems in their lives.
A small leak will sink a great ship.千里之堤，溃于蚁穴。（小裂缝可以沉大船）
注意：a、be going to 动词原形也表示将来时，但多表示计划，故其主语多是人。Will表示意愿时，主语是人，但也可以表示预测，主语是物。
Debbie hart is going to swim across the English Channel tomorrow.
She is going to set out from the French coast at five o’clock in the morning.
Mr. Thompson is going to sell it because it is haunted. 闹鬼
b、be about to +动词原形，即将……。He is about to leave to Shenyang.
造句练习八：
1、 这家便利店全天24小时营业。The convenience store is open 24 hours a day.
2、 我爷爷每天早上都在公园里散步。My grandfather takes a walk in the park every morning.
3、 昨天我很无聊，便跟着几个朋友看电影去了。Yesterday I felt bored, so I went to the movies with some friends.
4、 看！那艘船快要沉了。(be about to). Look! The boat is about to sink.
5、 他明天将要去纽约。He will go New York tomorrow.
6、 我们马上要吃午餐了。We are going to have lunch soon.
7、 太阳东升西落。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
8、 我每周去两次健身房。I go to the gym twice a week.
9、 我昨天在图书馆看到他。I saw him in the library yesterday.
10、我准备学习计算机科学。I am going to learn the computer science.
二、进行态：强调动作的过程。在英语中，按照动作发生的时间长短，动词分成了延续性动词和瞬间动词。结婚是一个瞬间动词，所以不能说They were marrying last week.
只能说 They are having a wedding ceremony. They married last week.
现在进行时：
a、 表示现在正在做的动作，此时be动词译为正在。
He is playing basketball. It’s raining heavily now.
主系表句型在口语中通常用一般现在时，但如果要强调此时的状态，可以用现在进行时。
You are very rude! You are being very rude. (你现在的行为粗鲁，而不是你这个人粗鲁)
b、 表示即将发生的动作（通常表示位移短暂动词：come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return，die，take…）此时be动词译为即将。
A new play is coming to the Globe soon. Will you be seeing it.（一出新剧要来环球剧场上演，你去看吗？）
“We are going back now”, said the conductor. (售票员)
过去进行时：表示过去某时正在做的事情。
A man was lying in the box during the flight.
I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony came in.
将来进行时：表示将来某时将进行的动作。
They will be arriving here tomorrow. = will arrive
Tomorrow evening they will be singing at worker’s club.
The Greenwood boys will be staying for five days.
They will be trying to keep order.
The shuttle Endeavour will be taking the astronauts to Hubble. 与will take没有任何区别。
进行态，其实就是一般态的生动模式，任何一个进行态的句子，都可以改成一般态。一般态却不一定能改成进行态，比如动词是延续性动词才能改。
I looked out of the window. 可以改成I was looking out of the window.
I never get up early on Sundays. 却不可以改成I was never getting up early on Sundays.
造句练习九：
1、 你在桌子下面做什么。What are you doing under the table?
2、 明早这个时候，我爸爸将正在修剪草坪(mow the lawn)。My father will be mowing the lawn at this time tomorrow morning.
3、 我正梦见你时，电话铃响了。I was dreaming about you when the telephone rang.
4、 我女儿正在学习，所以你最好别去烦她。My daughter is learning now, so you had better not bother her.
5、 明年这个时候，我将正在美国读书。I will be learning in the US at this time next year.
三、完成态，强调动作的结果。
现在完成时：a、表示到现在为止已经完成的动作（发生的时间不明）。
I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.
He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Spring, a small town in the centre of Australia.
Since then, he has developed anther bad habit.
He has gone to Shanghai.
b、如果是延续性动词，表示持续到现在的动作或状态。注意：be动词时可延续的。
She has lived here for ten years.
He has been there for six months.
I have been to the Great Wall.
现在完成时常用的时间副词
a、 自从……，since+时间点。
b、 有若干时间之久……，for+时间段。
c、 到目前为止……，so far，up to now。
d、 最近……，recently，lately。
e、 一次，两次，几次，多次……，once，twice，a few times，many times。
f、 过去若干年月日以来……，over，during，for+the last/past +数字+years/mouths/days。
Since then, Captain Fawcelt has flown passengers to many unusual places.
Mr. Hart has trained his daughter for years.
But so far, the public has expressed its gratitude to the students in letters to the press. (到目前为止，公众已经向新闻界写信表达他们对学生们的感激之情了。)
Up to now, Mr. Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other.
Jack has read the novel three times.
Have you talked to Jane lately?
Over the last three months, oil prices have reached a record high.
注意：中国人最容易用错的3个短暂动词。Go，marry，die在英语中都是短暂动词，一瞬间完成的。
1、 他去北京三天了。He has go to Beijing for 3 days. 错的，要改成He has go to Beijing.
2、 他结婚已经三年了。He has married for 3 years. 错的，要改成He has married.
3、 他已经死了三年了。He has died for 3 years. 错的，要改成He has died.
要正确表达，必须使用对应的主系表句型，因为系动词是可以延续的，用主系表句型表示状态，才能加表示一段时间的状语。
He has been to Beijing for 3 days.
He has been married for 3 years.
He has been dead for 3 years.
过去完成时：表示截止过去某时为止所完成的动作或经验。（过去完成时不能单独存在，要与另一使用一般过去时的句子或者表示过去的副词短语连用。）had译为已经，曾经。
My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.
A short time before, great trees had covered the country side for miles around.
By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root.
将来完成时：表示到将来为止所完成或仍然继续的动作或经验等。（常与介词by构成的时间状语连用，表示到……的时候）
Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year.
By the end of next year, they will have finished work on the new station.
造句练习十：
1、 彼得去过香港很多次。Peter has been to Hongkong many times.
2、 进入初中以来，我对英语很狂热。I have been crazy about English, since I entered junior high school.
3、 到目前为止，我已经完成这项计划的三分之二。So far, I have finished two thirds of the plan.
4、 我最近很忙，恐怕要到下周一才有空。I have been very busy recently, I am afraid that I will not be free until next Monday.
5、 过去5年来，这个好孩子都尽力照顾他生病的母亲。Over the past five years, the good boy has tried his best to take care of his ill mother.
6、 史密斯先生搬来这里之前已经在加拿大住了20年。Mr. Smith had been lived in Canada for 20 years before he moved here.
7、 等我到达车站时，火车已经开走了。By the time I got to the train station, the train had left.
8、 玛丽昨天告诉我她很久以来一直想出国旅游。Yesterday Mary told me that she had long wanted to travel abroad.
9、 我很生气，因为我女朋友又对我爽约了（stand sb up）。I was very angry, because my girlfriend had stood me up again.
10、明天这个时候，约翰将已经到达芝加哥了。John will have arrived in Chicago by this time tomorrow.
四、完成进行态。同时强调动作的结果和过程（延续性动词）
我收到一封信，只能说I have received a letter.不能说I have been receiving a letter.因为receive这个动词，是一瞬间完成的，不能延续，你不可能一直不停的收同一封信。
我住在南京三年了，可以说I have lived in Nanjing for 3 years.也可以说I have been living Nanjing for 3 years. 两句话的意思完全相同，但第二句更加生动形象。注意：瞬间动词是不能放在完成进行态的。
现在完成进行时，表示一直继续到现在，且可能继续下去的动作（通常和表示时间段的副词连用，如for，since，all morning……）
We have just moved into a new house and I have been working hard all morning.
If you haven’t discovered you dream, probably you’ve been missing too much.
过去完成进行时：表示一直持续到过去某时，而当时仍然在继续的动作。（过去完成时的句中必须有表示过去的时间状语）
Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control.
The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
Bieriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model.
将来完成进行时:一直持续到将来某时，且可能继续下去的动作。
The day before his retirement, Mr. Page will have been teaching for a total of forty years.
By the time you come back tonight. I will have been sleeping for five hours.
总结：任何完成进行态，都可以改为完成态，但完成态不一定能改成完成进行态，必须是延续性动词，才能改。
造句练习十一：
1、 约翰自去年起就一直学习日语，他希望去日本留学。John has been learning Japanese since last year, he expects to study in Japan in the future.
2、 露露的车子抛锚，她已经持续开了八个小时了。By the time her car broke down, Lulu had been driving 8 hours.
3、 到今年年底，王老师教英语将有十年了。Teacher wang will have been teaching English for ten years by the end of this year.
By the end of this year, teacher wang will have been teaching English for 8 hours.
过去将来时：通常用于叙述性故事中，或间接引语中。
A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.
Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year.
He said that it would be possible to build a platform in the center of the channel.
She said she would be setting off on the 10 o’clock train.
I guessed that Helen would have told her something.
He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.
造句练习十二：
1、 在信中她说她明年将到英国来。In her letter she said that she would come to England next year.
2、 他问我明天上午十点我将干什么？ He asks me that what I would be doing at 10.am the next day?
3、 他告诉我们他会在8点前完成工作。He told us that he would have finished the work by 8 o’clock.
